<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>AK&#256L&#298 DAL SHIROMA&#7750&#298 </TITLE>਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ
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<p class="C1">&#65279AK&#256L&#298 DAL, SHIROMA&#7750&#298 (<i>shiroma&#7751&#299</i> = exalted, foremost in rank; <i>dal</i> = corps, of <i>ak&#257l&#299 </i>volunteers who had shed fear of death), the premier political party of the modern period of Sikhism seeking to protect the political rights of the Sikhs, to represent them in the public bodies and legislative councils being set up by the British in India and to preserve and advance their religious heritage, came into existence during the Gurdw&#257r&#257 reform movement, also known as the Ak&#257l&#299 movement, of the early 1920's. Need for reform in the conditions prevalent in their places of worship had been brought home to Sikhs by the Si&#7749gh Sabh&#257 upsurge in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It had been increasingly felt that the purity of Sikh precept and practice could not be recovered unless there was a change in the structure of <i>gurdw&#257r&#257</i> management which had been in the hands of clergy who had come into control of the Sikh holy places since the times Sikhs had been driven by Mu<u>gh</u>al repression to seek safety in remote hills and deserts. A kind of professional coenobitism, contrary to the character of Sikhism, had since developed. Most of the clergy had reverted to Br&#257hma&#7751ical ritualism rejected by the Gur&#363s, and had become neglectful of their religious office. They had converted ecclesiastical assets into private properties, and their lives were not free from the taint of licentiousness and luxury. Even before the beginning of the Gurdw&#257r&#257 reform movement, sporadic voices had been raised against this retrogression and maladministration of these places of worship. Organized platforms to pursue reform had developed in the form of regional <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 <i> d&#299w&#257ns </i>. For example, a <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 D&#299w&#257n had been set up in the M&#257jh&#257 area in 1904, though it was soon afterwards merged with the Chief <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 D&#299w&#257n, successor to the Lahore and Amritsar <i> d&#299w&#257ns </i> of the earlier phase of the Si&#7749gh Sabh&#257 movement. But the Gurdw&#257r&#257 reform meant a confrontation with the <i> mahants </i> or the installed clergy who had the support of the government, and the Chief <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 D&#299w&#257n avoided, as a matter of policy, to antagonize the government. The M&#257jh&#257 D&#299w&#257n was therefore revived in 1918 as Central M&#257jh&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 D&#299w&#257n. It was becoming clear that the reformers would settle for nothing less than a complete restructuring of the management of the <i> gurdw&#257r&#257s </i> and ousting of the <i> mahants </i> through negotiations, legal action, or failing both, forcible eviction. All the different strategies were pressed into service at Gurdw&#257r&#257 B&#257be d&#299 Ber at Si&#257lko&#7789 with dramatic success. Sr&#299 Ak&#257l Ta<u>kh</u>t or Ta<u>kh</u>t Ak&#257l Bu&#7749g&#257 was vacated by the clergy under fear of force and/or losing caste by association with the "low caste. "</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀圀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㈀　 漀昀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 倀愀爀戀愀渀搀栀愀欀 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀 ⠀焀⸀ 瘀⸀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 渀攀攀搀 愀爀漀猀攀 昀漀爀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀椀渀最 愀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 琀漀 挀漀ⴀ漀爀搀椀渀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 漀昀 爀攀最椀漀渀愀氀 㰀椀㸀 樀愀琀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀 㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀搀 最爀漀甀瀀猀 漀爀 戀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 洀攀渀 愀渀搀 眀漀洀攀渀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 琀攀渀 猀甀挀栀 㰀椀㸀 樀愀琀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀 㰀⼀椀㸀 攀猀瀀漀甀猀椀渀最 㰀椀㸀最甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㰀⼀椀㸀 爀攀昀漀爀洀 椀渀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 爀攀最椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 愀 挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀礀 瀀爀攀猀猀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀Ⰰ 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 䴀漀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀漀 猀甀最最攀猀琀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀攀瘀愀欀 䐀愀氀 漀昀 㔀　　 匀椀欀栀 瘀漀氀甀渀琀攀攀爀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 ㄀　　 瀀愀椀搀 眀栀漀氀攀ⴀ琀椀洀攀爀猀Ⰰ 愀氀氀 爀攀愀搀礀 昀漀爀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 琀栀攀 挀愀氀氀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 倀愀爀戀愀渀搀栀愀欀 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀⸀ 䄀琀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 䨀愀琀栀攀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 䬀愀爀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䨀栀愀戀戀愀爀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 氀椀戀攀爀愀琀攀搀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 倀愀☀⌀㌀㈀㠀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀Ⰰ 䠀愀猀愀渀 䄀戀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀Ⰰ 漀渀 ㄀㠀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㈀　Ⰰ 栀愀搀 猀甀最最攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀爀攀 琀栀愀琀 愀 㰀椀㸀 樀愀琀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 ㈀　　 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀猀 戀攀 最漀琀 甀瀀 琀漀 戀攀 搀攀猀瀀愀琀挀栀攀搀 眀栀攀爀攀瘀攀爀 愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 瀀爀漀瀀漀猀愀氀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀攀搀 愀琀 愀 洀攀攀琀椀渀最 漀昀 氀攀愀搀椀渀最 愀挀琀椀瘀椀猀琀猀 椀渀 昀爀漀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 吀愀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀琀 漀渀 ㄀㐀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㈀　⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 愀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 㰀椀㸀 搀愀氀 㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 挀漀爀瀀猀 漀爀 挀漀渀琀椀渀最攀渀琀Ⰰ 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 匀愀爀洀甀欀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䨀栀愀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 眀愀猀 搀攀猀椀最渀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 㰀椀㸀 樀愀琀栀攀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀瀀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀⤀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 搀愀琀攀 ⠀㄀㐀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㈀　⤀ 椀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 搀愀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 琀椀琀氀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 眀愀猀 愀搀搀攀搀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 爀攀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 瀀愀猀猀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䐀愀氀 漀渀 ㈀㤀 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㄀㤀㈀㈀⸀ 䄀 挀漀渀昀椀搀攀渀琀椀愀氀 洀攀洀漀爀愀渀搀甀洀 ⠀㈀㈀ 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㤀㈀㈀⤀ 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 瀀漀氀椀挀攀 搀攀愀氀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀 愀渀搀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 倀愀爀戀愀渀搀栀愀欀 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㈀　ⴀ㈀㈀ 搀漀攀猀 渀漀琀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀 琀栀椀猀 愀瀀瀀攀氀氀愀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 䐀愀氀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 爀攀昀攀爀猀 琀漀 椀琀 愀猀 琀栀攀 ∀䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀∀ 琀漀 猀琀爀攀猀猀 椀琀猀 氀椀渀欀椀渀最 爀漀氀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 挀漀渀昀攀搀攀爀愀琀攀搀 㰀椀㸀 樀愀琀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀 㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀Ⰰ ∀琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 猀琀爀攀渀最琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 昀椀最甀爀攀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀瘀攀 匀琀愀琀攀猀Ⰰ 椀猀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 ㈀㔀Ⰰ 　　　 愀渀搀 洀愀礀 戀攀 最爀攀愀琀氀礀 椀渀 攀砀挀攀猀猀 漀昀 琀栀愀琀 攀猀琀椀洀愀琀攀⸀ ∀ 䤀渀 猀漀洀攀 挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀爀礀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 搀漀挀甀洀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䐀愀氀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 爀攀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀漀 愀猀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䘀愀甀樀 ⠀愀爀洀礀⤀ 眀栀椀挀栀 ∀昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀攀搀 漀渀 洀椀氀椀琀愀爀礀 氀椀渀攀猀Ⰰ 洀愀爀挀栀攀搀 椀渀 昀漀甀爀猀Ⰰ 眀漀爀攀 戀愀搀最攀猀Ⰰ 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 昀氀愀最猀 愀渀搀 漀爀最愀渀椀猀攀搀 挀愀洀瀀猀⸀ ∀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal was meant to function under the overall control of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Gurdw&#257r&#257 Parbandhak Committee making available to it volunteers when required. But initially the <i> jath&#257s </i> tended to operate independently. Yet there was significant closeness between the two and, at times, overlapping of leadership and action. Amar Si&#7749gh Jhab&#257l, prominent in the Ak&#257l&#299 hierarchy, continued to be the head of the Gur&#363 R&#257m D&#257s Jath&#257, and Tej&#257 Si&#7749gh Bhuchchar, the first <i> Jathed&#257r </i> of Sr&#299 Ak&#257l Ta<u>kh</u>t, continued to head his Ga&#7771gajj Ak&#257l&#299 Dal and was at the same time one of the 5-member presidium of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Panth Milau&#7751&#299 Jath&#257 of the Central M&#257jh&#257 <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 D&#299w&#257n. As the Ak&#257l&#299 movement gathered momentum, unleashing a political storm in the Punjab with successive <i>morch&#257s</i> or agitations such as those erupting over the issue of the keys of the Golden Temple treasury, and Gur&#363 k&#257 B&#257<u>gh</u>, Jaito and at Bh&#257&#299 Pher&#363-resulted in the complete integration of the regional <i> jath&#257s </i> into the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal. This also brought added power and prestige to the Shiroma&#7751i gurdw&#257r&#257 Parbandhak Committee, bequeathing to it fuller control over the Dal, although the latter did maintain its separate identity, the two working on more or less similar lines for the achievement of a common goal. The apex leadership of both organizations was a common homogeneous group. The membership base of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal lay primarily in the rural Punjab. Ak&#257l&#299 leaders preached the need and importance of <i>gurdw&#257r&#257</i> reform in the villages or at gatherings held on religious festivals, and exhorted Sikhs to receive the rites of <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 baptism and join the ranks of the Ak&#257l&#299 Dal to liberate their religious shrines from the control of an effete and corrupt clergy. Volunteers of a locality formed local Ak&#257l&#299 <i>jath&#257s</i> which were consolidated into district Ak&#257l&#299 <i>jath&#257s</i> affiliated to the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal at the summit. The composition of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Gurdw&#257r&#257 Parbandhak Committee before the passing of the Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925, was also analogous, and headquarters of both organizations were located in the Golden Temple complex at Amritsar. Both the bodies were together declared unlawful by a government order issued on 12 October 1923, and the ban on both was simultaneously lifted on 13 September 1926.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 洀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 攀渀搀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀渀愀挀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 䜀甀爀搀眀愀爀愀 䄀挀琀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㈀㔀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀椀昀琀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀愀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 匀椀欀栀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀椀最栀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 琀漀 瀀漀猀猀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 洀愀渀愀最攀 琀栀攀椀爀 㰀椀㸀最甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 愀琀琀愀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀洀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀稀攀搀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 爀椀最栀琀 眀愀猀 琀漀 戀攀 攀砀攀爀挀椀猀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 戀漀愀爀搀Ⰰ 猀甀戀猀攀焀甀攀渀琀氀礀 爀攀搀攀猀椀最渀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 倀愀爀戀愀渀搀栀愀欀 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀Ⰰ 愀 猀琀愀琀甀琀漀爀礀 戀漀搀礀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀渀 攀氀攀挀琀漀爀愀氀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀愀氀 愀搀甀氀琀 昀爀愀渀挀栀椀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 倀愀渀琀栀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀 琀栀攀爀攀愀昀琀攀爀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀渀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀礀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀渀猀琀攀愀搀 漀昀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀椀渀最 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 倀愀爀戀愀渀搀栀愀欀 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀 猀漀甀最栀琀 琀漀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 椀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀漀爀愀氀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀⸀ 䐀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 氀攀愀搀攀爀猀 栀愀搀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 挀爀漀瀀瀀攀搀 甀瀀 漀渀 琀栀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 椀洀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀搀眀愀爀愀猀 䄀挀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 䜀漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 栀愀搀 猀琀椀瀀甀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 漀渀氀礀 琀栀漀猀攀 搀攀琀攀渀甀攀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 樀愀椀氀 眀栀漀 最愀瘀攀 愀渀 甀渀搀攀爀琀愀欀椀渀最 椀渀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀礀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 眀攀爀攀 爀攀愀搀礀 琀漀 椀洀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀 琀栀攀 䄀挀琀⸀ 圀栀椀氀攀 漀渀攀 最爀漀甀瀀 栀攀愀搀攀搀 戀礀 匀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀 䴀攀栀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀戀琀愀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀 戀礀 最椀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 甀渀搀攀爀琀愀欀椀渀最Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 最爀漀甀瀀 爀攀昀甀猀攀搀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀 漀昀昀攀爀 漀昀 愀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䈀漀愀爀搀 ⠀匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 倀愀爀戀愀渀搀栀愀欀 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀⤀ 栀攀氀搀 漀渀 ㄀㠀 䨀甀渀攀 ㄀㤀㈀㘀 眀愀猀 昀漀甀最栀琀 洀愀椀渀氀礀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 䴀攀栀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 最爀漀甀瀀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀椀漀渀 氀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 栀愀搀 搀攀挀氀椀渀攀搀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀 氀愀椀搀 搀漀眀渀 戀礀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 眀攀爀攀 猀琀椀氀氀 戀攀栀椀渀搀 琀栀攀 戀愀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 眀攀渀琀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 椀渀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 爀椀最栀琀昀甀氀氀礀 挀氀愀椀洀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 昀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀漀渀 㠀㔀 猀攀愀琀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 ㈀㘀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀 最爀漀甀瀀Ⰰ 㔀 戀礀 琀栀攀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 猀瀀漀渀猀漀爀攀搀 匀甀搀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀 愀渀搀 㐀 戀礀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀猀⸀ 匀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀✀猀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 倀愀爀戀愀渀搀栀愀欀 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀漀甀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thus gaining supremacy in Sikh affairs, the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal extended the scope of its activity to the national arena. It fully supported the Indian National Congress during the B&#257rdol&#299 <i>saty&#257graha</i> (agitation) and the campaign for the boycott of the Simon Commission in 1928. But the report of the Motil&#257l Nehr&#363 Committee, a joint body representing the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League and the Sikhs to draft a constitution for free India, came as a sore disappointment to the Sikhs because it had defaulted in proposing any measures to protect their minority rights. Towards the end of December 1929, the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal and its sister organization, the Central Sikh League, convened an Ak&#257l&#299 Conference at Lahore to coincide with the 44th annual session of the Congress Party. Presiding over the conference, B&#257b&#257 Kha&#7771ak Si&#7749gh reiterated Sikhs' determination not to let any single community establish its political hegemony in the Punjab. The Ak&#257l&#299 conference, and even more dramatically the huge Sikh procession which preceded it, made a tremendous impact. The Congress not only rejected the Nehr&#363 Report but also assured the Sikhs that no political arrangement which did not give them full satisfaction would be accepted by the party.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 椀琀猀 瘀椀挀琀漀爀礀 愀琀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 䜀甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㈀㘀 栀愀搀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀攀搀 愀猀 愀 眀攀氀氀ⴀ 欀渀椀琀 瀀愀爀琀礀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 氀攀愀搀攀爀猀栀椀瀀 漀昀 䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䬀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀愀欀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀渀搀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 吀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 戀甀琀 爀椀昀琀猀 戀攀最愀渀 琀漀 猀栀漀眀 甀瀀 椀渀 琀栀攀 眀愀欀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀漀漀欀 瀀氀愀挀攀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㌀　⸀ 䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䬀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀愀欀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 爀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀猀栀椀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀 戀甀琀 愀氀猀漀 焀甀椀琀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀琀礀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 愀 爀椀瘀愀氀 戀漀搀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀⸀ 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 吀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 猀攀挀甀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀猀栀椀瀀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀愀氀 愀渀搀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 栀攀氀洀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 琀栀爀攀攀 搀攀挀愀搀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀漀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀愀氀 爀攀昀漀爀洀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 瀀爀漀洀瀀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 最爀漀甀瀀猀 琀漀 猀椀渀欀 琀栀攀椀爀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀挀琀 戀礀 洀甀琀甀愀氀 挀漀甀渀猀攀氀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 愀最爀攀攀搀 猀琀愀渀搀瀀漀椀渀琀 椀渀 爀攀猀瀀攀挀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 刀漀甀渀搀 吀愀戀氀攀 䌀漀渀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䌀漀洀洀甀渀愀氀 䄀眀愀爀搀 眀愀猀 戀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 愀 挀栀愀爀琀攀爀 漀昀 ㄀㜀 搀攀洀愀渀搀猀 愀搀漀瀀琀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀攀 愀渀渀甀愀氀 猀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 匀椀欀栀 䰀攀愀最甀攀 栀攀氀搀 漀渀 㠀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㄀㤀㌀㄀ 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀猀栀椀瀀 漀昀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 吀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀栀愀爀琀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 挀漀洀洀甀渀愀氀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 昀愀瘀漀甀爀攀搀 樀漀椀渀琀 攀氀攀挀琀漀爀愀琀攀猀Ⰰ 愀搀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 爀椀搀攀爀 琀栀愀琀 椀昀 椀琀 眀愀猀 昀椀渀愀氀氀礀 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀猀漀爀琀 琀漀 爀攀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀攀愀琀猀 漀渀 挀漀洀洀甀渀愀氀 戀愀猀椀猀 琀栀攀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 搀攀洀愀渀搀 愀 ㌀　 瀀攀爀 挀攀渀琀 猀栀愀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀猀猀攀洀戀氀礀 猀攀愀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 愀渀搀 昀椀瘀攀 瀀攀爀 挀攀渀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 氀攀最椀猀氀愀琀甀爀攀⸀ 伀琀栀攀爀 搀攀洀愀渀搀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 愀 漀渀攀ⴀ琀栀椀爀搀 猀栀愀爀攀 椀渀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀椀愀氀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀 挀漀洀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀㬀 洀愀椀渀琀攀渀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀渀 攀砀椀猀琀椀渀最 匀椀欀栀 瀀攀爀挀攀渀琀愀最攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀爀洀礀㬀 匀椀欀栀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 挀愀戀椀渀攀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀 挀漀洀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀㬀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀甀渀樀愀戀椀 愀猀 琀栀攀 漀昀昀椀挀椀愀氀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 椀渀 倀甀渀樀愀戀㬀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀 洀椀渀漀爀椀琀椀攀猀 漀甀琀猀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 漀渀 愀 瀀愀爀 眀椀琀栀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 昀漀爀 漀琀栀攀爀 洀椀渀漀爀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 氀攀瘀攀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 眀愀渀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 戀攀 猀攀挀甀氀愀爀㬀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䌀攀渀琀爀攀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 爀攀猀椀搀甀愀爀礀 瀀漀眀攀爀猀 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 瀀漀眀攀爀猀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 洀椀渀漀爀椀琀椀攀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The dissident group of B&#257b&#257 Kha&#7771ak Si&#7749gh, the Central Ak&#257l&#299 Dal, could never supplant the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal as a representative of the Sikh mainstream, and became extinct after Independence (1947). Even before 1947, it was the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal which had campaigned for Sikh rights and dignity at &#7692ask&#257 (1931), Ko&#7789 Bh&#257&#299 Th&#257n Si&#7749gh (1935-37) and Shah&#299d Gañj, Lahore (1935-40).</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀 昀漀甀最栀琀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 攀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 䜀漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀 䄀挀琀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㔀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 戀愀猀椀猀 漀昀 䌀漀洀洀甀渀愀氀 䄀眀愀爀搀Ⰰ 栀攀氀搀 椀渀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 漀渀 㐀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㤀㌀㜀Ⰰ 椀渀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀⸀ 伀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㈀㤀 匀椀欀栀 猀攀愀琀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 ㄀　 猀攀愀琀猀 ⠀漀甀琀 漀昀 ㄀㐀 挀漀渀琀攀猀琀攀搀⤀ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 眀漀渀 昀椀瘀攀⸀ 伀瀀瀀漀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 倀愀爀琀礀 愀氀椀最渀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䌀栀椀攀昀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀漀渀椀猀琀 倀愀爀琀礀⸀ 圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀漀渀椀猀琀 倀愀爀琀礀 眀椀琀栀 㤀㘀 漀甀琀 漀昀 愀 琀漀琀愀氀 漀昀 ㄀㜀㔀 猀攀愀琀猀 昀漀爀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 洀椀渀椀猀琀爀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀 樀漀椀渀攀搀 栀愀渀搀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 伀瀀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ 圀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 漀甀琀戀爀攀愀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀攀挀漀渀搀 圀漀爀氀搀 圀愀爀 椀渀 匀攀瀀琀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㌀㤀Ⰰ 愀 爀椀昀琀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀⸀ 圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 戀漀礀挀漀琀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀猀猀攀洀戀氀椀攀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀Ⰰ 愀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 愀琀 漀渀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 搀攀洀愀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀挀氀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 眀愀爀 愀椀洀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 琀栀攀猀攀 愀椀洀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀漀 戀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 琀漀 䤀渀搀椀愀Ⰰ 瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 䜀漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀琀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 洀椀渀漀爀椀琀礀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀愀琀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 䈀愀氀搀攀瘀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 樀漀椀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀漀渀椀猀琀 洀椀渀椀猀琀爀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 愀猀 愀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 愀 瀀愀挀琀 洀愀搀攀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀洀椀攀爀Ⰰ 匀椀爀 匀椀欀愀渀搀愀爀 䠀愀礀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀琀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 欀渀漀眀渀 椀渀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 愀猀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀愀渀搀愀爀ⴀ䈀愀氀搀攀瘀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 倀愀挀琀 猀椀最渀攀搀 漀渀 ㄀㔀 䨀甀渀攀 ㄀㤀㐀㈀Ⰰ 椀琀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀氀礀 洀愀爀欀攀搀 爀愀瀀瀀爀漀挀栀攀洀攀渀琀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀漀渀椀猀琀 氀攀愀搀攀爀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀 眀栀椀挀栀 栀愀搀 猀瀀攀愀爀栀攀愀搀攀搀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 栀椀猀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Pakistan Resolution passed by Indian Muslim League at Lahore in 1940, demanding a separate country comprising Muslim majority provinces, posed a serious threat to the Sikhs. In Pakistan as envisaged by the Muslim League, Sikhs would be reduced to a permanent minority, hence. to a subordinate position. The Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal opposed tooth and nail any scheme for the partition of the country. It successively rejected the Cripps' proposal (1942), R&#257j&#257 Formula (1944) and the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946). But the existing demographic realities were against the Sikhs. Nowhere in the Punjab did they have a sizeable tract with a Sikh majority of population. To counter the League demand for Pakistan, the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal put forward the &#256z&#257d Punjab scheme proposing the carving out of the Punjab of a new province, roughly between Delhi and the River Chen&#257b, where none of the three communities-Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs-would command an absolute majority. But the proposal did not gather sufficient support. Even the Central Ak&#257l&#299 Dal led by B&#257b&#257 Kha&#7771ak Si&#7749gh, set itself up against it. The Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal, under the prevailing circumstances cast its lot with the Indian National Congress trusting to it the protection of Sikhs' minority rights. In a public statement made on 4 April 1946, Jaw&#257harl&#257l Nehr&#363 said, "redistribution of provincial boundaries was essential and inevitable. I stand for semi-autonomous units as well. . . . I should like them [the Sikhs] to have a semi-autonomous unit within the province so that they may experience the glow of freedom. " The working committee of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal adopted on 17 March 1948 a resolution advising its representatives in the provincial assemblies as well as at the Centre formally to join the Congress party. Minority grievances, however, kept accumulating. Sikh members of the East Punjab Assembly, including a minister in the Congress government, complained of increasing communal tension and discrimination against their community in recruitment to government services. The major irritant was the language question. After Independence, the Sikhs expected Punjabi, mother tongue of all Punjabis, to replace Urdu as the official language and medium of education in schools. Even a resolution of the Central Government published in the Gazette of India dated 14 August 1948 declaring that "the principle that a child should be instructed in the early stage of his education through the medium of his mother tongue has been accepted by the government" did not induce the Congress government of East Punjab to declare Punjabi as the medium of instruction. On the contrary, the majority Hindu community went so far as to disclaim Punjabi as their mother tongue. At the Centre too the Constituent Assembly rescinded its own resolution of August 1947 and declared on 26 May 1949 that "statutory reservation of seats for religious minorities should be abolished. " The leaders of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal finally veered round to the view that, in the absence of constitutional guarantees to safeguard rights of the minorities, the only way out for the Sikhs was to strive for an area where they would be numerous enough to protect and develop their language and culture. They therefore decided to press for the formation of a linguistic state coterminous with Punjabi language. Master T&#257r&#257 Si&#7749gh reactivated the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal and launched the campaign which came to be known as the Punjabi S&#363b&#257 movement. In a signed article published in the Punjabi monthly <i>Sant Sip&#257h&#299</i>, December 1949, he said that "whatever the name that might be given it, the Sikhs wanted an area where they were free from the domination of the majority community---an area within the Indian constitution but having internal autonomy as did Kashmir. "</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀眀漀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀椀瘀攀 栀愀氀昀ⴀ眀愀礀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 匀愀挀栀愀爀 䘀漀爀洀甀氀愀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 刀攀最椀漀渀愀氀 䘀漀爀洀甀氀愀Ⰰ 搀攀瘀椀猀攀搀 戀礀 䌀漀渀最爀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 匀椀欀栀 氀攀愀搀攀爀猀 戀礀 洀甀琀甀愀氀 挀漀甀渀猀攀氀Ⰰ 昀愀椀氀攀搀 琀漀 爀攀猀漀氀瘀攀 琀栀攀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 愀渀搀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 椀猀猀甀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 氀攀愀搀攀爀Ⰰ 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 吀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 漀渀挀攀 愀最愀椀渀 最愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 挀愀氀氀 昀漀爀 愀 倀甀渀樀愀戀椀 匀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 椀渀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㔀㠀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 洀愀猀猀攀猀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀搀 攀渀琀栀甀猀椀愀猀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 漀渀挀攀 愀最愀椀渀 椀渀椀琀椀愀琀攀搀 渀攀最漀琀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀甀氀洀椀渀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 眀栀愀琀 椀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀 一攀栀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ⴀ吀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 倀愀挀琀 漀昀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㄀㤀㔀㤀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀爀甀挀攀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 氀愀猀琀 氀漀渀最⸀ 䌀愀氀氀 昀漀爀 愀 昀爀攀猀栀 㰀椀㸀洀漀爀挀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀猀猀甀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀 漀渀 ㈀㈀ 䴀愀礀 ㄀㤀㘀　⸀ 吀栀攀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀 洀攀愀渀搀攀爀椀渀最 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 洀愀渀礀 愀 瘀椀挀椀猀猀椀琀甀搀攀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 甀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 攀洀攀爀最攀渀挀攀 漀渀 ㄀ 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㘀㘀 漀昀 愀 倀甀渀樀愀戀椀ⴀ猀瀀攀愀欀椀渀最 猀琀愀琀攀⸀ 䈀甀琀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀渀猀甀洀洀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 爀椀瘀攀渀 椀渀琀漀 琀眀漀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 猀攀挀琀椀漀渀 氀攀搀 戀礀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 吀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 戀礀 栀椀猀 氀愀琀攀氀礀 愀爀椀猀攀渀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀渀昀椀渀椀琀攀氀礀 猀琀爀漀渀最攀爀 爀椀瘀愀氀Ⰰ 匀愀渀琀 䘀愀琀攀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shadow of this division and of certain unresolved issues such as the non-transfer to it of the state capital, Cha&#7751&#7693&#299ga&#7771h, certain Punjabi-speaking areas still remaining outside of it and maldistribution of water resources, continued to bedevil electoral politics in the new Punjab. In the first election to the state legislature in the new Punjab (1967), the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal carried 26 seats in a house of 104, and its leader, Gurn&#257m Si&#7749gh, a retired judge of the Punjab High Court, formed on 28 March 1967 a ministry with the support of some other small groups, including Jana Sa&#7749gh, Communists and independents. But the ministry fell soon afterwards owing to internal dissensions. On 26 May 1967, two Ak&#257l&#299s, Harcharan Si&#7749gh Hu&#7693i&#257r&#257 and Lachhma&#7751 Si&#7749gh Gill sided with the Congress during voting on a no-confidence motion against the ministry. The ministry survived the motion but Hu&#7693i&#257r&#257 on the same day announced the formation of a separate Ak&#257l&#299 Dal. On 22 November, Lachhma&#7751 Si&#7749gh Gill with 19 other M. L. A. s openly rebelled against the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal legislative party, reducing the joint front led by Gurn&#257m Si&#7749gh into a minority. Lachhma&#7751 Si&#7749gh Gill then formed, with the support of Congress party, a new ministry which fell on 21 August 1968 when the Congress group withdrew its support. The crisis led to the dissolution of the state legislature and the state was placed under President's, i. e. Central Government, rule necessitating a mid-term poll. The two factions of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal became one again and registered a resounding victory at the hustings, emerging as the largest single party with 43 seats against Congress 38, Jana Sa&#7749gh 8, Communists 5, and others 11. Gurn&#257m Si&#7749gh again formed a ministry in coalition with the Jana Sa&#7749gh, the Communists supporting from outside. This ministry was brought down on 25 March 1970 by internal party dissent. A young Ak&#257l&#299 leader, Park&#257sh Si&#7749gh B&#257dal, then formed the government (27 March 1970) supplanting Gurn&#257m Si&#7749gh as Chief Minister. This Ak&#257l&#299 government too had a short tenure. In the fresh Punjab Assembly elections which took place in March 1972, the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal could muster a bare 24 seats out of a total of 117, making way for the Congress party to form its government. This led to self-retrospection on the part of the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 圀漀爀欀椀渀最 䌀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀愀氀 愀琀 椀琀猀 洀攀攀琀椀渀最 栀攀氀搀 愀琀 䄀渀愀渀搀瀀甀爀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀攀 ☀⌀㌀㐀㘀椀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀椀欀 栀椀氀氀猀 漀渀 ㄀㘀ⴀ㄀㜀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 ㄀㤀㜀㌀ 愀搀漀瀀琀攀搀 愀 猀琀愀琀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 愀椀洀猀 愀渀搀 漀戀樀攀挀琀椀瘀攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 猀琀愀琀攀洀攀渀琀Ⰰ 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 琀栀攀 䄀渀愀渀搀瀀甀爀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀 刀攀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 ⠀㰀椀㸀焀⸀ 瘀⸀ 㰀⼀椀㸀⤀Ⰰ 栀愀猀Ⰰ 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀渀Ⰰ 戀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀渀攀爀ⴀ猀琀漀渀攀 漀昀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀猀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal enjoyed another brief spell of power in the Punjab when at the elections in the wake of R&#257j&#299v-Lau&#7749gov&#257l accord, settlement between R&#257j&#299v G&#257ndh&#299, then Prime Minister of India, and Sant Harchand Si&#7749gh Lau&#7749gov&#257l, the Ak&#257l&#299 leader, signed on 25 July 1985, it won an overwhelming majority of seats in the state legislature and formed its government led by Surj&#299t Si&#7749gh Barn&#257l&#257. Owing however to internal party pressures and the non-implementation by the Government of India of the R&#257j&#299v-Lau&#7749gov&#257l accord, this ministry also proved brittle. In the crisis which overtook the state after its dismissal by the Government of India, the Shiroma&#7751&#299 Ak&#257l&#299 Dal gradually became split into several factions - Ak&#257l&#299 Dal (B&#257dal) led by a former chief minister of the Punjab, Park&#257sh Si&#7749gh Badal, Ak&#257l&#299 Dal (Lau&#7749gov&#257l) led by Surj&#299t Si&#7749gh Barn&#257l&#257, also a former chief minister of the Punjab, and Ak&#257l&#299 Dal (M&#257n), led by a new entrant into politics, Simranj&#299t Si&#7749gh M&#257n, formerly, a high-ranking member of the Indian Police Service.</p>਍㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="BIB">਍䈀䤀䈀䰀䤀伀䜀刀䄀倀䠀夀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀漀氀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䐀椀氀最攀攀爀Ⰰ 䠀愀爀樀椀渀搀攀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀匀栀椀爀漀洀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 䨀愀氀愀渀搀栀愀爀Ⰰ 渀⸀ 搀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Prat&#257p Si&#7749gh, Gi&#257n&#299, <i>Gurdw&#257r&#257 Sudh&#257r arth&#257t Ak&#257l&#299 Lahir</i>. Amritsar, 1975<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䄀猀栀漀欀Ⰰ 匀栀愀洀猀栀攀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀倀愀☀⌀㌀㈀㠀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 搀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀 䰀愀栀椀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 倀愀琀椀愀氀愀⸀ ㄀㤀㜀㐀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Narai&#7751 Si&#7749gh, <i>Ak&#257l&#299 Morche te Jhabbar</i>. Delhi, 1967<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 吀甀琀攀樀愀Ⰰ 䬀⸀ 䰀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀匀椀欀栀 倀漀氀椀琀椀挀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䬀甀爀甀欀猀栀攀琀爀愀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㐀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Gulati, Kailash Chander, <i>The Akalis: Past and Present</i> Delhi, 1974<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 一愀礀愀爀Ⰰ 䈀愀氀搀攀瘀 刀愀樀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䴀椀渀漀爀椀琀礀 倀漀氀椀琀椀挀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 倀爀椀渀挀攀琀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㘀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Sahni, Ruchi Ram, <i>Struggle for Reform in Sikh Shrines</i>. Ed. Ganda Singh. Amritsar, n. d.<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 一椀樀樀愀爀Ⰰ 䈀⸀ 匀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀愀戀戀愀爀 䄀欀愀氀椀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䨀愀氀愀渀搀栀愀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㜀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Sarhadi, Ajit Singh, <i>Punjabi Suba</i>. Delhi, 1970<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䈀爀愀猀猀Ⰰ 倀愀甀氀Ⰰ 刀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䰀愀渀最甀愀最攀Ⰰ 刀攀氀椀最椀漀渀 愀渀搀 倀漀氀椀琀椀挀猀 椀渀 一漀爀琀栀 䤀渀搀椀愀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䐀攀氀栀椀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㔀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Mohinder Si&#7749gh, <i>The Akali Movement</i>. Delhi, 1978<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 吀攀樀愀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䜀甀爀搀眀愀爀愀 刀攀昀漀爀洀 䴀漀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 䄀眀愀欀攀渀椀渀最㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䨀愀氀愀渀搀栀愀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㈀㈀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Nayar, Kuldip, and Khushwant Si&#7749gh, <i>Tragedy of Punjab</i>. Delhi, 1984<BR>਍㰀⼀漀氀㸀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀伀一吀∀㸀䴀愀樀漀爀 䜀甀爀洀甀欀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 ⠀刀攀琀搀⸀⤀㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
</font>਍㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀⸀愀猀瀀砀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀∀㸀ഀഀ
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